Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their biomedical implications: An eco-chemical perspective

The advancement of nanotechnology in biomedical applications has revolutionized diagnostics, drug delivery, and therapeutics. However, traditional methods of nanoparticle synthesis often involve toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes, raising serious environmental and biocompatibility concerns. In response, green synthesis of nanoparticles using eco-friendly biological agents such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and enzymes has emerged as a sustainable alternative. This paper explores the chemical mechanisms underlying green synthesis, types of nanostructures produced, and their biomedical implications, particularly in antimicrobial therapy, cancer treatment, and biosensing. The work emphasizes the ecological and chemical relevance of green approaches and compares them with conventional synthetic strategies. Additionally, spectral analyses, morphological characterizations, and biomedical efficacy data are included to underline the potential of eco-compatible nanomaterials.