Recent trends in nutrigenomics and personalized diet: A mini review

Nutrigenomics, encompassing both nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, is an evolving discipline that investigates the interaction between dietary components and the human genome, providing insights into how nutrition influences gene expression and disease risk. With the global increase in chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, personalized nutrition based on genetic profiles has emerged as a promising approach to health promotion and disease prevention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nutrigenomics and personalized diet strategies. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on publications between 2015 and 2024. Key findings indicate that specific genetic variants (e.g., FTO, APOE, MTHFR) significantly modulate individual responses to macronutrients and micronutrients, influencing metabolic pathways, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins have been shown to regulate gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA modulation. The integration of omics technologies—genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics—has enhanced the understanding of complex gene-diet interactions. Furthermore, artificial intelligence and machine learning applications are enabling predictive models for precision nutrition by combining genetic, dietary, and lifestyle data. Despite its promise, challenges remain, including the need for large-scale longitudinal studies, ethical concerns related to genetic data privacy, and barriers to clinical translation. Overall, nutrigenomics represents a paradigm shift from generalized dietary guidelines toward individualized nutrition care, with the potential to significantly reduce the burden of chronic disease and improve population health outcomes.