A comprehensive review on Acacia arabica’s extract (Aqaqiya): Pharmacological and therapeutic perspectives

Background: Acacia arabica (syn. Acacia nilotica), commonly known as Babul, its pods extract is called Aqaqia, and its gum is called Samagh-e-arabi in Unani Medicine, is a widely distributed tree valued for its pharmacological and therapeutic potential. Traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha have long utilized various parts of the plant for diverse ailments, while modern pharmacological studies continue to validate its bioactivity. Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of Acacia arabica extract, with a focus on its botanical features, therapeutic actions, pharmacological activities, and evidence-based clinical relevance in traditional and modern medicine. Methods: Literature was retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus) using keywords including Acacia arabica, Aqaqia, and Acacia nilotica. Classical Unani texts (e.g., Khazain al-Advia, Makhzan al-Mufradat, Qarabadin Najm al-Ghani), standard botanical references (Flora Medica, Indian Materia Medica), and contemporary research articles were reviewed to compile data on morphology, distribution, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications. Discussion: Acacia arabica is rich in tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, contributing to its broad therapeutic effects. Traditional uses include astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and gastrointestinal applications. Pharmacological studies report diverse activities such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound-healing, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, anticancer, antimalarial, and immunomodulatory effects. Modern studies confirm its insulin-secretory, lipid-lowering actions. Conclusion: Acacia arabica extract (Aqaqia) bridges traditional wisdom and modern pharmacological science, offering a wide spectrum of therapeutic benefits. Its potential as an antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agent makes it a promising candidate for integrative medicine. Nonetheless, further clinical investigations and safety evaluations are necessary to establish standardized formulations and dosage guidelines.