Plant growth-promoting effect of seed biopriming of local Bacillus thuringiensis isolates on Cicer arietinum L.

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the influence of seed biopriming with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates on germination and early seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., variety Jaki-9218). Twenty-one indigenous Bt isolates, along with a standard Bt-HD-1 strain, were tested under laboratory conditions using the paper towel method. Results revealed that several Bt strains significantly enhanced seed performance compared to the untreated control. Notably, PDKV-Bt-SBn-2, PDKV-Bt-SAk-12, PDKV-Bt-SDA-1, and PDKV-Bt-SA-22 recorded faster emergence, higher germination rates, longer root and shoot lengths, and superior vigour indices. Improvements included a reduction of nearly one day in emergence, 13-14% higher germination, and up to 9-11 cm greater seedling length compared to control. These findings demonstrate that indigenous Bt strains not only promote early establishment but also enhance vigour and resilience. Hence, Bt-based biopriming represents a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategy for sustainable chickpea production under diverse agro-climatic conditions.