The potential of green mussel shells as a source of hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications: A comparative study with commercial hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate biomaterial with the chemical formula Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, commonly used as a scaffold material in medical applications. HAp can be synthesized from various raw materials and methods, each of which can influence its quality and properties. However, comparative studies of synthesized hydroxyapatite and commercial products are still limited. Therefore, it is crucial to examine and compare the characteristics of synthesized HAp with commercial products. In this study, synthesized hydroxyapatite was derived from green mussel shells using the microwave method, labeled as SP1, while the commercial product was labeled SP2. The HAp synthesis was performed using a microwave method at a power of 450 Watts for 3 minutes. Both HAp powders were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) with a Malvern Panalytical X’PERT3 Powder X-Ray machine. XRD pattern analysis was carried out using High Score Plus software version 3.0e, referencing the Crystallography Open Database (COD). The weight percentage (wt.%) of crystals, as well as the orientation and size of the crystals, were determined using the Rietveld method. The results of the study showed that SP1 had a higher purity compared to SP2. HAp SP1 had a weight percentage (wt.%) of 99.9% HAp crystals and 0.1% portlandite, while HAp SP2 had a weight percentage (wt.%) of 85.7% HAp crystals and 14.3% calcite crystals. The crystal sizes of HAp in SP1 and SP2 were 12.68 nm and 13.89 nm, respectively.