Changing Perceptions of Barriers to Sustainability

This paper examines shifting perceptions of the primary barriers to global sustainability, focusing on three key dimensions: population growth, consumerism and power politics. While population growth has historically been viewed as a critical threat, its actual impact is mediated by unequal patterns of production and consumption. Consumerism, driven by globalised capitalism, emerges as a more decisive factor, entrenched in unsustainable development models. However, the most pressing obstacle today is the rise of denialist power politics, exemplified by the rhetoric and actions of leaders like Donald Trump, which undermine multilateral agreements and environmental policies. Drawing on scientific data, historical analysis and geopolitical critique, the paper argues that avoiding socio-ecological collapse requires urgent systemic and cultural transformations. It concludes that the narrowing window for effective action demands radical innovations in global governance and redefinitions of progress beyond material growth.