Exploring the connections between traditional ecological knowledge, ecosystem services, and agroecosystem-based livelihoods in the Cordillera Region, Northern Philippines

Abstract The diverse contributions of nature to human well-being are evident among the Indigenous peoples. This study highlights the crucial role of traditional ecological knowledge systems (TEKS) in sustaining the flow of ecosystem services and nature’s values in agroecosystem-based livelihoods in the Cordillera Region. It aims to document TEKS, identify the ecosystem services and values derived from agroecosystems, and assess the influence of gender and ethnic groupings on livelihood practices. Data collection was conducted using a participatory approach, incorporating key informant interviews and focused group discussions. The agroecosystem-based livelihoods including traditional rice farming, uma farming, conventional farming, and livestock production provide provisioning ecosystem services such as food, income generation, while cultural ecosystem services such as rice wine making, cultural and aesthetic values. Documented TEKS were categorized and found to be interrelated in the form of taboos, customs and rituals, norms and community regulations. These practices are deeply interwoven with agroecosystem management and are commonly observed across ethnic groups. Such adherences is driven to achieve both a bountiful harvest and resource management. The women respondents were widely recognized for their roles in traditional rice farming, while men were prominently involved in conventional farming. The connections between local communities and nature are fundamental concepts of reciprocity established through their practices and grounded in their TEKS. Safeguarding TEKS is imperative for strengthening local management strategies that promote the sustainable supply of resources obtained from these ecosystems.