Evaluating Instructional Efficiency in a Flipped Classroom: A Pilot Study in a Pharmacotherapy Course

Preclass learning is essential but challenging in flipped classrooms. Instructional efficiency measures can support quality improvement by identifying inefficient learning tasks. Efficiency data can guide decision-making and allow for year-over-year comparisons of course topics. Strategies informed by cognitive load theory and motivational theory can improve instructional efficiency and promote student success.