Existence, biosynthesis, metabolism, bioactivities, and biological functions of 12-hydroxyjasmonates

Jasmonates, including (+)-7-iso-jasmonic acid and related compounds, are plant hormones that regulate both developmental and defense responses. Among jasmonates, 12-hydroxyjasmonates, such as 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid (12-OH-JA) and 12-hydroxyjasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (12-OH-JA-Ile), are commonly observed in various plant species. 12-Hydroxyjasmonates regulate jasmonate responses, both dependent and independent of CORONATINE-INSENSIVE 1 and JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN proteins, which are the most studied jasmonate co-receptors. This review summarizes the existence, biosynthesis, metabolism, bioactivities, and biological functions of 12-hydroxyjasmonates.