Optimization of a comprehensive carbon capture, utilization, and storage supply network for achieving carbon neutrality in Japan

Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 requires an efficient carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) network. Numerous studies have explored individual components of CCUS systems, such as CO 2 capture and storage technologies. However, very few have addressed the integrated optimization of entire CCUS supply networks, particularly when considering carbon capture and utilization technologies such as synthetic fuel production, which require the comprehensive design of supply networks encompassing renewable power generation, hydrogen production, and fuel consumption. This study developed a comprehensive optimization model integrating power generation, CO 2 capture, storage, hydrogen production, and fuel synthesis. The model considers domestic and international resource flows while minimizing overall system costs and ensuring environmental sustainability. Applied to Japan as a case study, the results demonstrate that carbon neutrality can be achieved under reference conditions assuming unrestricted fuel imports, with residual CO 2 captured using direct air capture. However, domestic fuel synthesis becomes essential when fuel imports are restricted, necessitating a significant expansion of renewable energy. Regions with high CO 2 storage costs tend to prioritize fuel synthesis, while areas with abundant low-cost renewable energy, such as Hokkaido, emerge as key hubs for large-scale production. These findings provide policymakers and industry stakeholders with practical insights for designing resilient and cost-effective CCUS networks. • Developed a comprehensive optimization model for CCUS supply networks. • Integrates power, CO 2 , H 2 , and fuel for CCUS in one optimization model. • Applied the model to identify optimal CCUS strategies for carbon neutrality in Japan. • Demonstrated the impact of renewable energy expansion under fuel import constraints. • Highlights the significance of coordination between CCUS and power networks.