Temporal changes in the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus across the BRICS, 1990–2021: a comprehensive analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021

Developing comprehensive T2DM guidelines should be a key BRICS cooperation priority, leveraging proven aging population and chronic disease management experiences. Russia, India, and South Africa should prioritize older adults, whereas China and Brazil need to focus on middle-aged and older adults, with China additionally addressing younger-onset T2DM trends. Insulin shortages and severe infectious diseases pose major challenges, particularly in less developed countries, necessitating the expansion of early intervention programs, educational initiatives, and integrated hospital care to enhance T2DM control.