Evidence-Based Management of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Contemporary Review of Therapeutic Interventions and Emerging Technologies

Background and Objectives: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) remains a leading cause of global disability, affecting millions worldwide and imposing substantial healthcare burdens. This review synthesizes current evidence on therapeutic interventions for CLBP management, examining traditional approaches alongside emerging technologies and prevention strategies. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted examining recent high-quality research published between 2023-2025. Studies were selected based on their contribution to understanding effective CLBP management strategies, including surgical interventions, pharmacological treatments, rehabilitation approaches, and innovative technologies. Results: Contemporary evidence demonstrates that effective CLBP management requires a multifaceted approach integrating multiple therapeutic modalities. Key findings include: (1) surgical interventions show efficacy when integrated within multidisciplinary frameworks; (2) primary care management emphasizing activity maintenance and multimodal treatment yields optimal outcomes; (3) emerging technologies including virtual reality and artificial intelligence demonstrate significant therapeutic potential; (4) lifestyle factors play causal roles in CLBP development; and (5) contextual factors substantially influence treatment effectiveness. Conclusions: Modern CLBP management has evolved toward personalized, technology-enhanced, multidisciplinary care models that address biological, psychological, and social factors. Future developments in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and preventive interventions offer promising avenues for improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of chronic low back pain.