Some Provocations Concerning the Foundations of IC and KM Research

The overall objective of this paper is to propose and discuss some provocative questions about the foundations of IC and KM research. These provocations primarily, but not exclusively, address issues with respect to the ontologies and epistemologies that underlie these areas of research. The nature of knowledge and its articulation lies at the heart of concerns with the current theories underpinning IC and KM and, indeed IC and KM research generally. Such concerns also raise interesting issues about many existing research studies in IC and KM. Of particular concern are the ways in which the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘intellectual capital’ are defined (or not defined) and explored. It is critical that generally agreed on definitions of key concepts are identified so that firm foundations exist as a basis for empirical investigations. However, it is argued that these definitions are likely to be open-ended and need to recognize that, at least with respect to value, the definition of relevant concepts is radically dependent on context at many different levels. From a definitional perspective IC and KM are intertwined and overlapping. Furthermore, to the extent that one of the dominate objectives of the management of IC and KM is the creation of value the contribution of the components of IC and KM is intimately related to the individual, group, organization and social context within which such management takes place. Although this paper offers provocations with respect to the current state of IC and KM research, it also provides some suggestions as to potentially fruitful extensions of existing research. One stems from a nuanced consideration of knowledge and the interaction of knowledge and IC in generating value. It is suggested that much insight can be gained through a renewed consideration of such disciplines as Economics and Organizational Studies. The paper concludes by proposing that IC and KM researchers refocus both on the intersection between the two research areas and the nature and value of knowledge.