Sensitivity study of supernova neutrinos for mass hierarchy

Supernovae represent some of the most energetic events in the universe, with a substantial fraction of their released gravitational energy carried away by neutrinos. This study evaluates the sensitivity of next-generation neutrino detectors — Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K), and the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) — to supernova neutrinos, specifically focusing on their ability to discern between normal and inverted mass hierarchies. We utilize three different flux models — Bollig, Tamborra, and Nakazato — employing the SNEWPY software to simulate the expected neutrino fluxes from core-collapse supernovae. These models highlight the variability in the predictions due to different progenitors and simulation methods. By analyzing the event rates across various interaction channels and implementing the adiabatic Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein (MSW) effect on the neutrino flux, we have calculated the expected detection rates for each detector. Our results indicate that sensitivities range from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] for DUNE, [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] for Hyper-K and [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] for JUNO depending on distance and flux model, with sensitivity diminishing significantly at larger distances. This work underscores the potential of future neutrino observatories to enhance our understanding of fundamental physics through the study of supernova neutrinos.