Effect of individual and provincial levels on stress among general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multilevel analysis using mental health survey in Thailand

Individual and provincial factors appear to influence elevated stress levels. Our research indicates that the government should establish effective resilience promotion programs to mitigate the impact of stress on severe physical and psychological illnesses. Implementing these measures will improve the mental health and well-being of the general population and enhance the country's preparedness for future pandemics or emerging outbreaks.