Digital Resources in Support of Students with Mathematical Modelling in a Challenge-Based Environment

In this paper, we report how digital resources support engineering students in the early stages of mathematical modelling within a Challenge-Based Education (CBE) course. The study was conducted in a second-year engineering course involving mathematics, physics, and ethics. Through a case study of two student teams, we analyze how a digital curriculum resource—specifically, a dashboard designed for feedback and progress monitoring—helped students identify, define, and begin modelling a real-world problem related to crowd flow on train platforms. Using the instrumental approach, we examined the dual processes of instrumentation (integration of resources) and instrumentalization (adaptation and repurposing of tools). Results show that the Dashboard played a central role in fostering self-regulated learning, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the iterative refinement of guiding questions. Students used data analysis, simulations, and modelling techniques to build and validate mathematical representations in answer to the guiding questions. Our findings contribute to ongoing discussions on how mathematics education in engineering can be enhanced through activity-based learning and targeted use of digital tools. We argue that digital feedback systems like dashboards can bridge the gap between abstract mathematical content and its meaningful application in engineering contexts, thus fostering engagement, autonomy, and authentic learning.