A Review on Impact of High Protein Breakfast on Appetite Hormones and Hunger Regulation in Obesity

Obesity is the major global health concern in the 21 st century, distinguished by high accumulation of body fat and linked to chronic illness and mortality.Breakfast which provides the human body with majority of energy requirements (20-35%), plays a important role in weight management and appetite regulation.However modern lifestyle factors, such as time constraints and shift work, have led to breakfast skipping which subsequently contributes to obesity risk.Diet rich in protein, especially in breakfast, were found to increases satiety due to release of anorexigenic and orexigenic signals.Research evidence provide protein sources and amount affect appetite modulation, with highprotein breakfasts satisfying hunger, increasing feelings of fullness, and altering specifically in improved hormonal responses as compared to carbohydrate-based breakfast or skipping breakfast altogether.Tools to measure subjective appetite and eating behavior are variously validated, such as the Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) or the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ).According to the literature, the implementation of high-protein breakfast as part of the diet strategy may be the effective method to address obesity due to its ability to modulate both hormonal responses to appetite and behavioral regulation of it.This review article highlights appetite regulation and satiety, including the roles of leptin, ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and cholecystokinin (CCK), the impact of protein on satiety, the effects of high-protein breakfasts on appetite control, methods for hunger assessment, and existing research gaps.