Design for Low-Carbon Lifecycle (DfLCL): A conceptual framework

This study presents a literature review on low-carbon product design, analyzing approaches at each stage of product development: concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp-up. Using Scopus, 455 articles were initially screened to identify strategies that integrate lifecycle perspectives and reduce carbon emissions throughout the product lifecycle. The findings highlight existing methods, identify gaps, and propose enhancements, providing actionable propositions for each stage to align design practices with low-carbon objectives. This research offers a structured roadmap for practitioners and contributes to advancing sustainable product design in support of the global shift toward a low-carbon economy.