Evaluating environmental indicators for eco-labeling within the European railway sector: towards adaptive and sustainable transportation systems

Environmental indicators are key to eco-labeling schemes, helping assess and improve sustainability performance in the railway sector. Under the European Green Deal, this study evaluates the role of these indicators in creating adaptive, human-centric, and sustainable transportation systems. Through analysis of fifteen European railway companies, we categorize indicators into energy, circularity, noise, and environmental impact. These indicators support real-time monitoring, regulatory compliance, and data-driven decision-making, promoting sustainability goals. Additionally, we examine the role of life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, and their implications on classification within eco-labeling schemes. By connecting eco-labeling schemes with Type I, II, and III labels, this research highlights pathways to enhance sustainability in adaptive transportation networks.