The Dynamics of Social Networks Among Muslim Students in Kraków: Experiences of Cultural Interaction and Integration

Migration profoundly shapes the social, cultural, and psychological experiences of individuals. As a distinct migrant group, Muslim students face unique challenges and opportunities in forming social networks in host societies. This study examined how the social relationships developed by Muslim students in Kraków influence their adaptation and sense of belonging. Adopting a phenomenological approach, data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically. The participants included 14 Muslim students (10 male, 4 female). Findings revealed two interrelated themes: Social Environment and Isolation, reflecting limited interaction with the host society and reliance on culturally-similar networks; and Personal Resilience and Integration Efforts, highlighting the students’ individual strategies to build belonging despite structural barriers. The study concludes that Muslim students experience partial integration, depending largely on familiar networks, while actively navigating social challenges. These insights point to the need for more inclusive practices to support integration in multicultural settings.