Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Arsenic Mobilization in Rice Paddy Fields: Coupling Mechanisms, Influencing Factors, and Simultaneous Mitigation Measures

As an important agricultural ecosystem, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and arsenic (As) mobilization in rice paddy fields have gained significant attention on climate change and food safety. There is a certain correlation between the GHG and As migration in rice paddy fields. The oxidation of methane in paddy fields can provide electrons for the reduction and release of arsenate. Nitrate in rice paddy soil can promote the fixation of As by oxidizing Fe (II) to form iron oxide–As complexes or directly oxidize As (III) to As (V) to reduce the toxicity of As. However, incomplete denitrification of nitrate can lead to the emission of N2O. This review systematically expounds the research advances, influencing factors and simultaneous mitigation measures of GHG emissions and As mobilization in rice paddy fields. It focuses on discussing the influence mechanisms of soil physical and chemical properties, water management measures, fertilization methods, and the addition of soil conditioner on As migration and GHG emission, and it looks forward to future research directions. It aims to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for reducing the risk of As contamination in rice fields, reducing GHG emission, and achieving sustainable development of rice production.