A MODIS-based long-term spatiotemporal assessment of agricultural drought in Haveli Tehsil (2008–2024)

Drought is a hazardous event occurring in every climatic division of the world and has killed millions.It severely impacts societies, agriculture, and the environment, which are responsible for lowering national growth.It develops slowly due to the deficient rainfall in the region.The deficient rainfall and high temperature are the primary causes for triggering the water stress in the crop.However, the regional responses vary due to the soil's waterholding capacity.Therefore, we have used long-term records of the MODIS satellite for drought analysis in this research study.The drought indices, such as the vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and vegetation health index (VHI), were used on long-term satellite image datasets from January 2008 to December 2024.The Haveli Tehsil's vegetation conditions have been investigated for 2024 with governmentdeclared drought years such as 2008, 2012, 2015, etc.The results show that only 15% of the region has faced drought conditions in 2024, as 84% of the area has good vegetation due to sufficient rainfall in 2024.The results of this study are helpful in early detection of droughts and their monitoring accordingly.