In-vivo evaluation of vitamin E loaded muscle void fillers for the provisional treatment of volumetric muscle loss

The MVF successfully increased VitE levels in the muscle throughout the implantation period. However, only the lowest concentration of VitE (5 mg/ml) showed a demonstrable effect, resulting in a 30% reduction in peak force compared to the PEG-alone group and a median muscle fiber size that was 4.34 μm smaller. Biochemical analysis revealed no differences in the expression of TGFβ1, protein carbonyl, or malondialdehyde across any groups. While local delivery of VitE was successful, further research is needed to optimize dosing and investigate additional mechanisms for improved muscle recovery.