Environmental and Economic Impact of PV-battery Storage System: Application to EV direct current fast charging

With the rapid development of electric vehicle (EV) market, the demand of EV charging is also increasing rapidly. Photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system could help reduce grid consumption saving energy, reducing operator’s cost and emissions for EV fast charging. This work evaluates the impact of using PV with battery for direct current fast charging (DCFC) in Michigan. Four scenarios are used to evaluate the performance of the 150 kW DCFC system of planning EV charging stations in Michigan with 1) PV only, 2) SLB only, 3) PV and SLB, and 4) PV and primary battery. The charging scenarios were developed by a transportation engineering and evaluated for two Michigan cities for the 2030-2040 period(Manistique and Reed City). For each location we evaluated the cost reduction, peak shaving and carbon footprint of the system. The results show that for DCFCs in Michigan, the PV-battery system could reduce the peak grid demand by 46%-66% but it increases the carbon footprint by 2.4%-25.5%. Meanwhile, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) ranges from 49.1-106.0% compared to the system without PV and battery. For system with only PV or battery, the PV system could reduce 2.0%-6.4% of the carbon footprint, while the increasing carbon footprint from the battery system is much higher, which is 11.2% for SLB and 21% for the primary battery. The results show the feasibility of SLB and PV systems to reduce peak demand, but the use of batteries could increase carbon emissions.