Computational Study of Graphene Transparent Conductive Electrode Bifacial Perovskite/Si Heterojunction 2T, 3T & 4T Tandem PVs

Graphene is computationally investigated as a TCE for perovskite based solar cell and comparison of performance with conventional ITO through TCAD is carried out. Graphene' high transmittance, carrier mobility and low sheet resistance demonstrate significant advantages over ITO thus improving light absorption and charge transport efficiency. The work additionally models tandem cell configurations thereby highlighting graphene' potential in 3TT designs which eliminate current matching constraints seen in 2TT architectures. By leveraging graphene' tunable WF and superior electrical properties the simulations reveal reduced recombination losses and enhanced carrier collection. This study provides a framework for advancing PVs particularly tandem technologies using graphene, offering scalable and cost-effective solutions for next-generation applications while addressing efficiency bottlenecks associated with traditional TCE materials.