SBiPV Phase 1: Impacts of Energization on the Fire Behavior of Photovoltaic Panels

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are revolutionizing building design by incorporating photovoltaic (PV) claddings, roofing, and glazing into building structures. However, the integration of electrically active PV systems raises unique fire safety challenges that differ from traditional building materials. This study investigates the impact of PV panel energization on fire behavior, including heat release rate and flame spread rate, to inform safer system designs.Medium scale experiments were performed on commonly used dual-glass bifacial and polymer-backed monofacial PV panels in façade cladding applications, both energized and non-energized. Results showed that energization could accelerate the processes of ignition and flame spread. Specifically, energized monofacial panels reached their melting point earlier, increasing heat release rate and flame spread rate. Similar trends were observed in dual-glass panels, where energization slightly accelerated upward flame spread over the surface. These findings highlight the heightened fire risks posed by energized PV systems, particularly in ventilated cladding applications, where flames can propagate into cavity spaces.