Performance Measurement Guidance for Multi-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells

Tandem solar cells are not restricted to the conventional 2-terminal configuration. Multi-terminal designs like 3-terminal (3-T) and 4-T devices have been gaining popularity within the PV community. However, studies addressing the reliable and accurate performance measurement of multi-terminal tandem solar cells remain limited. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting comprehensive measurement guidance tailored for these advanced configurations. This paper also examines the challenges in measuring these multi-terminal cells, which arise from their complex electrical and optical coupling impacts between the subcells. Special attention is given to emerging perovskite-based multi-terminal devices, whose dynamic current responses introduce additional measurement complexities.