Performance and validation of a sustainable ultrasonic spray pyrolysis reactor made from recycled materials, through the production of SnO thin films

This work presents the design, fabrication, and assembly of an alternative ultrasonic spray pyrolysis reactor using recycled elements. The reactor is designed explicitly for the deposition of semiconductor thin films, with a focus on producing second-generation solar cells. The system integrates atomization ultrasonic equipment with precise flow control of hydrogen to ensure uniform droplet generation, thereby enhancing film quality and deposition efficiency. To validate the reliability and reproducibility of the reactor, a baseline experiment was conducted, focusing on the synthesis of Sn:S thin films. These films were selected due to their relevance in photovoltaic applications and their sensitivity to process parameters, which allows for an adequate evaluation of the reactor's performance. The experimental setup was optimized to control critical factors, including substrate temperature and precursor flow rate. Preliminary results demonstrate the reactor's capability to produce uniform tin oxide (SnO) films with reproducible properties, indicating its potential for scalable production of photovoltaic materials. Further analysis, including structural, morphological, and optical characterization of the deposited films, supports the reactor's feasibility for research and industrial applications.