Therapeutic Progress in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Molecular Targets and Immunotherapy

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to new therapeutic approaches based on genetic alterations. Objective: To review recent progress in the treatment of NSCLC, including targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and strategies to overcome drug resistance. Methods: Narrative review based on recent literature. No systematic search strategy was applied. Two summary tables present approved therapies for molecular targets and emerging immune-based strategies. Results: Therapies targeting EGFR, ALK, ROS1, MET, RET, KRAS, and NTRK are discussed, as well as the use of checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and bispecific antibodies. Mechanisms of resistance and corresponding therapeutic approaches are reviewed. Some treatment combinations show statistical improvement in progression-free or overall survival, but clinical significance remains to be clarified. Conclusions: Modern NSCLC treatment is increasingly personalized. Molecular profiling guides therapy selection, and novel agents expand options for resistant disease. Further studies should focus on clinical endpoints and optimal treatment combinations.