An Interpretable Stacked Ensemble Learning Framework for Wheat Storage Quality Prediction

Accurate prediction of wheat storage quality is essential for ensuring storage safety and providing early warnings of quality deterioration. However, existing methods focus solely on storage environmental conditions, neglecting the spatial distribution of temperature within grain piles, lacking interpretability, and generally failing to provide reliable forecasts of future quality changes. To overcome these challenges, an interpretable prediction framework for wheat storage quality based on stacked ensemble learning is proposed. Three key features, Effective Accumulated Temperature (EAT), Cumulative High Temperature Deviation (CHTD), and Cumulative Temperature Gradient (CTG), were derived from grain temperature data to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of the internal temperature field. These features were then input into the stacked ensemble learning model to accurately predict historical quality changes. In addition, future grain temperatures were predicted with high precision using a Graph Convolutional Network-Temporal Fusion Transformer (GCN-TFT) model. The temperature prediction results were then employed to construct features and were fed into the stacked ensemble learning model to enable future quality change prediction. Baseline experiments indicated that the stacked model significantly outperformed individual models, achieving R2 = 0.94, MAE = 0.44 mg KOH/100 g, and RMSE = 0.59 mg KOH/100 g. SHAP interpretability analysis revealed that EAT constituted the primary driver of wheat quality deterioration, followed by CHTD and CTG. Moreover, in future quality prediction experiments, the GCN-TFT model demonstrated high accuracy in 60-day grain temperature forecasts, and although the prediction accuracy of fatty acid value changes based on features derived from predicted temperatures slightly declined compared to features based on actual temperature data, it remained within an acceptable precision range, achieving an MAE of 0.28 mg KOH/100 g and an RMSE of 0.33 mg KOH/100 g. The experiments validated that the overall technical route from grain temperature prediction to quality prediction exhibited good accuracy and feasibility, providing an efficient, stable, and interpretable quality monitoring and early warning tool for grain storage management, which assists managers in making scientific decisions and interventions to ensure storage safety.