Biodegradation of synthetic organic pollutants: principles, progress, problems, and perspectives

Biodegradation plays a pivotal role in controlling environmental pollution. Naturally occurring microbes can degrade various environmental pollutants; however, the bioremediation of emerging pollutants resulting from the synthesis of recalcitrant organic compounds has not been sufficiently studied. These compounds pose significant environmental risks when released into soil and water bodies. Therefore, it is essential to accelerate the acquisition of knowledge on their biodegradation and foster the development of advanced bioremediation strategies. Recent progress in sequencing technologies and high-precision analytical instruments, coupled with ever-increasing computing power, has revolutionized conventional biodegradation research. In this review, the fundamental principles and commonly used techniques in bacteria-mediated biodegradation were discussed, emphasizing an integrated approach for a comprehensive understanding of the biodegradation process. This review provides in-depth insights into the current progress and prospects of biodegradation research.