Permanent pacemaker implantation complicated by anchoring sleeve embolization through cephalic vein: case report and discussion of management strategies

Most case reports dealing with embolization of pacing apparatus to the pulmonary vasculature document endovascular retrieval. We lay down a framework of considerations for assessing management strategies to help guide practitioners to the most efficacious treatment plan. This includes factors affecting the risks of leaving the foreign body in place and outlines the rationale for no active treatment, through anticoagulation, and towards endovascular and surgical retrieval.