Haemostatic and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Alginate-Functionalized Polylactide Composite Containing Zinc Sulphide and Hardystonite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the haemostatic potential and biocompatibility of a newly developed composite material for its use in blood-contacting applications. Based on promising reports on polylactide (PLA), sodium alginate (ALG), and bioactive additives such as hardystonite (HT) and zinc sulphide (ZnS), a melt-blown PLA nonwoven was modified via dip-coating using an ALG solution as a matrix for incorporating HT and ZnS particles, resulting in the PLA-ALG-ZnS-HT composite. The material was characterised in terms of surface morphology, specific surface area, pore volume, average pore size, and zeta potential (pH~7.4). Haemostatic activity was assessed by measuring blood coagulation parameters, while biocompatibility was evaluated through the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and human foreskin fibroblasts (Hs68). Genotoxicity was analysed using the comet assay and plasmid relaxation test. Results confirmed a uniform alginate coating with dispersed HT and ZnS particles on PLA fibres. The modification increased the surface area and pore volume and caused a shift toward less negative zeta potential. Haemostatic testing showed prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), likely due to Zn²⁺ interactions with clotting factors. Biocompatibility tests showed high cell viability and no genotoxic effects. Our findings suggest that the PLA-ALG-ZnS-HT composite is safe for blood and skin cells and may serve as an anticoagulant material.