Towards Sustainable Manufacturing: Divergent Approaches in smart product service systems by Machine Builders and Component Manufacturers

The packaging industry is evolving through the integration of smart product service systems (SPSS) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, driven by regulatory demands and the shift towards Industry 5.0 principles. Despite advances in automation, the integration of SPSS remains challenging, especially in terms of system adaptability. This paper explores the differing approaches of machine builders and component manufacturers in SPSS development using Design Science Research (DSR). It highlights key differences in system integration, customization, and technology deployment. While machine builders focus on integrating complex systems, component manufacturers leverage advanced technologies. These insights contribute to the development of adaptive, human-centric manufacturing systems, aligning with Industry 5.0 and the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA).