Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Advancing Positive Energy Districts: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract Cities and their inhabitants are among the largest consumers of energy and contributors to environmental pollution, accounting for 70 % of global greenhouse gas emissions. One of the European Union’s key strategies for addressing this issue is the development of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). Although some PEDs already exist, the concept remains an emerging field of study that goes beyond achieving neighborhoods with net-zero energy imports – or even net-positive energy production. It also emphasizes sustainability and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article explores solutions for implementing PEDs, focusing on energy flow analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to inform decision-making. Developing PEDs is a multifaceted process that involves improving building energy efficiency, assessing existing energy sources, exploring opportunities for on-site energy generation, integrating renewable energy systems, and ensuring efficient storage of generated energy. A significant aspect of LCA is calculating embodied emissions for all PED-related implementations, particularly in existing districts where substantial improvements are needed to meet PED goals. In such cases, LCA plays a crucial role in ensuring not only net-zero energy imports but also meaningful GHG emission reduction. Although LCA is not yet widely applied in the development of PEDs, this article highlights its importance in addressing key aspects of achieving climate neutrality goals, when transforming urban areas to PEDs.