Temporal and Spatial Differentiation and Formation Mechanisms of Island Settlement Landscapes in Response to Rural Livelihood Transformation: A Case Study of the Southeast Coast of China

Island settlement landscapes exhibit distinctive characteristics, and investigating their spatio–temporal differentiation features and formation mechanisms is crucial for effective landscape conservation. This study selected Qida Village, Beigang Village, and Jingsha Village in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China, as representative cases. It constructed an integrated evaluation framework termed “livelihood transformation–two dimensional expansion–three dimensional form” and systematically analyzed the spatio–temporal differentiation characteristics and driving mechanisms of island settlement landscapes under the context of livelihood transformation by integrating multi-source data. Research findings indicate that livelihood transformation significantly affects both the horizontal expansion and vertical evolution of settlement landscapes. Aquaculture-based villages demonstrate a high expansion rate (15.10%) and pronounced vertical differentiation (building height difference ratio of 13.30) due to industrial agglomeration. Tourism service-oriented villages, influenced by policy regulation, exhibit low architectural style heterogeneity (0.35) and a harmonized skyline. Villages experiencing significant out-migration show a high housing vacancy rate (64.70%) and reduced spatial compactness (0.13) due to population decline. The livelihood model drives landscape differentiation through the “population mobility–economic investment–land use” pathway, where capital accumulation and policy constraints emerge as key determinants of spatial form heterogeneity. This study provides a solid theoretical foundation and methodological support for the differentiated governance of island settlement landscapes.