ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE IN IRAN DURING THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

This article examines the architectural features of school buildings during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) from the perspective of energy efficiency. The transition from traditional mosque-school architecture to rational, linear structures characteristic of modernist Western architecture is analyzed. Three main school building layouts are identified: linear complexes, structures with three-sided courtyards, and symmetrical layouts with a central core.The study highlights how the modernization of Iran’s educational architecture incorporated climate-responsive design strategies to enhance energy efficiency. The architectural evolution during the Pahlavi period reflects a shift towards functionality, emphasizing optimizing natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal regulation. Design solutions such as arched windows, deep-set porches, and the introduction of courtyards played a crucial role in maintaining a comfortable indoor climate. The transition to modern materials, including reinforced concrete, steel, and prefabricated elements, also contributed to the thermal stability of buildings, reducing energy consumption.This research provides insights into how traditional and modern architectural approaches were integrated to create efficient educational spaces. The analysis of historical case studies demonstrates that the architectural principles of this period can serve as a foundation for contemporary sustainable school design. By adapting lessons from the past, modern architectural practices can benefit from the strategic use of spatial planning, passive cooling systems, and material efficiency. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining a balance between modern construction techniques and climate-sensitive design, ensuring energy-efficient learning environments that remain relevant to contemporary challenges.