Phytochemicals as modulators of autophagy and apoptosis: unveiling synergistic mechanisms in cancer therapy

Naturally occurring bioactive phytochemicals have been used for centuries to treat various pathophysiological disorders. Many studies have revealed that certain phytochemicals exhibit impressive properties that may combat cancer effectively. These natural compounds show promise as valuable therapeutic agents in the fight against various types of cancer, offering hope for innovative treatment strategies. Essentially, phytochemicals can regulate two essential cellular mechanisms, autophagy and apoptosis, which play significant roles in the underlying pathophysiology of carcinogenesis. Combining phytochemicals with conventional chemotherapy can potentially enhance the therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse side effects. Continued advancements in this field are crucial for overcoming the challenges associated with the development of anticancer therapeutics based on phytochemicals. This review aims to shed light on the intricate molecular processes of autophagy and the apoptotic pathway in tumour progression, as well as the potential of phytochemicals in developing anticancer drugs. By harnessing the potential of phytomolecules, it is possible to uncover novel and effective treatments for various types of cancer, thereby paving the way for advancements in anticancer therapy. Taken as a whole, a detailed molecular understanding of the mode of action of phytochemicals in regulating autophagy and apoptosis could lead to the development of strategies for anticancer drugs, advancing towards achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3: good health and well-being).