The Legacies of Ethiopia’s Foreign Relations from Tewodros II to the EPRDF (1855-1991)

Ethiopia's foreign relations have fluctuated over time due to internal political stifles, geopolitical forces, and shifting global power configurations. This article analyzes insights from these peaks and troughs. The study employed a qualitative research approach, collecting primary data from key informants through interviews and triangulating this data with secondary data gathered from relevant literature and archival documents. The study identified both progressive and regressive legacies left from Ethiopia's pre-1991 foreign relations. On the progressive aspects, the period left lasting statehood traditions, a commitment to multilateralism, a focus on collective security, a foundation for peacekeeping, and Pan-Africanism, which continue as vibrant elements of Ethiopia's foreign relations. Nonetheless, the period also left regressive legacies, including limited negotiating traditions, personalized diplomacy, underdeveloped institutions, a lack of professional development, the prioritization of military and security aid, and tensions between regime, state, and societal interests. Moreover, the period’s foreign relations were characterized by a defensive approach, reactive orientation, siege mentality, and securitized policy priorities. These inheritances continue to shape Ethiopia's foreign relations since 1991, and tracing these legacies as the country navigates its diplomatic environment in the contemporary world is essential.