<scp>3D</scp> Bioprinting of Biomaterials: A Review of Advances in Techniques, Materials, and Applications

ABSTRACT 3D bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology that can potentially change medicine, tissue engineering, and drug development. This review critically analyzed the principles, techniques, applications, challenges, and future directions of 3D bioprinting. The layering and cell seeding processes were highlighted in detail in relation to tissue development, and important technologies such as extrusion‐based printing, inkjet‐based printing, and laser‐assisted bioprinting were introduced. The review also focused on the biomaterials and bioinks used in 3D printing, distinguishing between natural and synthetic materials, and examining their critical properties in terms of tissue compatibility and functionality. The review then explored the techniques of 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering, organ printing, and cancer research, providing examples of effectively printed models of skin, bone, and liver tissues. The technical challenges of resolution, scalability, and vascularization were discussed, as well as regulatory and ethical concerns. Finally, the review discussed new developments in 4D bioprinting, bioprinting in space, and the possibilities of personalized medicine and space exploration. These developments could mark the beginning of the next generation of bioprinted tissues and organs.