Potential of biological macromolecules as innovative approach for diabetes management: A review

Diabetes mellitus, a complex and widespread metabolic disorder, presents a significant challenge to global health. While insulin therapy remains a cornerstone of treatment, its limitations, including therapeutic resistance and the development of associated complications, necessitate the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review delves into the promising realm of biological macromolecules, highlighting their potential to revolutionize diabetes management. We examine the diverse therapeutic applications of enzymes, growth factors, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and stem cells, elucidating their multifaceted roles in addressing the complex pathophysiology of diabetes. These macromolecules exert their therapeutic effects through intricate mechanisms, including precise modulation of glucose homeostasis, robust protection of insulin-producing beta cells, and effective attenuation of oxidative stress, a key driver of diabetic complications. A deep understanding of the metabolic pathways influenced by these molecules is crucial for optimizing their therapeutic efficacy and minimizing potential side effects. Recent advancements in protein engineering, targeted drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine have paved the way for the development of highly specific, potent, and long-lasting biological macromolecular therapeutics. This review underscores the immense potential of biological macromolecules to transform diabetes care, emphasizing the critical need for continued research and clinical trials to translate these promising findings into clinically effective, patient-centered treatments.