The measurement, spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factors of urban green and low-carbon development level

The Urban Green and Low-carbon Development level are of great significance for realizing the goal of Carbon reduction. This paper estimates 273 cities Urban Green and Low-carbon Development level and reveals the spatial non-equilibrium of UGLD level via the dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and exploratory spatial data analysis. Finally, geographically time weighted regression model is applied to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of influencing factors from the perspective of time and space. The study confirms the Urban Green and Low-carbon Development level display an overall fluctuating upward trend, with pronounced regional disparities that narrow over time. The Urban Green and Low-carbon Development level of non-resource cities is on the rise steadily from the perspective of resource endowment while that of resource cities is on the decline. Economic development level, opening up, R&D investment, informatization degree, and government support have significant spatial heterogeneity on urban green and low-carbon development, among these only government support has a positive effect across all sampled cities.