Investigation of time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of compressed penta-hybrid nanofluids: Biomedical applications

This study investigates the time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer characteristics of a penta-hybrid nanofluid (PHNF) confined between two porous parallel disks under a squeezing mechanism. The PHNF is composed of Al 2 O 3 , MgO, Cu, Ag, and MoS 2 nanoparticles suspended in blood, serving as the base fluid. The effects of key parameters including the squeezing number, suction/injection parameter, Eckert number, and nanoparticle shape factor on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt number are comprehensively analyzed. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and solved numerically using Python. The results show that temperature profiles improve with increasing squeezing number, suction/injection, and Eckert number, indicating enhanced thermal transport. Furthermore, the Nusselt number increases with higher shape factor values, demonstrating improved heat transfer performance. The study offers new insights into the combined effects of complex nanofluid compositions and dynamic porous geometries, contributing to the optimization of thermal systems in biomedical and engineering applications.