Threatened Raptor Species Distribution in Nigeria: Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors and Human–Wildlife Conflicts

Understanding the spatial distribution and socio-cultural perceptions of threatened raptors is essential for evidence-based conservation in biodiverse yet understudied regions such as Nigeria. This study combines species distribution modelling with community-based surveys to explore the ecological and human dimensions influencing raptor conservation. To investigate the influence of anthropogenic pressures on threatened raptors’ reporting rates, we modelled the relationship between the reporting rate (RR) and two key predictors: the Human Footprint Index and population density. Concurrently, 318 questionnaires were administered across multiple sites to assess public perceptions and attitudes toward raptors. Results indicate that there was a notable reduction in the RR of threatened raptor species with an increase in population density (Estimate = −0.085, SE = 0.028, t = −3.056, p = 0.002). In socio-cultural analyses, sentiment analysis revealed that more than 60% of respondents with higher knowledge of raptors often held more negative perceptions, typically associated with poultry predation and cultural beliefs. In contrast, individuals with limited knowledge frequently exhibited more positive (50%) attitudes. Interestingly, areas with high raptor abundance were associated with more negative community perceptions, suggesting that human–wildlife conflict plays a significant role in shaping attitudes. These findings highlight the complexity of human–raptor interactions and the need for conservation strategies that extend beyond formal protected areas. We advocate for an integrated approach that combines ecological modelling with culturally sensitive education and community-based interventions to foster coexistence and support raptor conservation in Nigeria and similar socio-ecological landscapes.