The effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress and biomarkers among people with opioid dependence receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized controlled trial

At baseline, 131 participants (70%) in the intervention arm and 91 (73%) in the control arm had a low intake of fruits and vegetables. In the intervention arm, the mean SCL-10% score at baseline was 43.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40.4, 47.4), which was reduced to 41.6% (CI: 38.0, 5.1) at the end of the trial. In the control arm, the mean SCL-10% score was 43.6% at baseline (CI: 39.3, 48.0) and decreased to 41.5% (CI: 37.1, 45.8) at the end of the trial period. No significant difference in the change of psychological distress between the intervention and control arms was found (- 0.14%; CI: - 4.49, 2.22). Additionally, no changes were found between the intervention and control arms regarding fatigue symptoms, physical fitness, carotenoid, or folate biomarkers. The mean consumed fruit smoothies reported in the intervention arm was 3.9 bottles per week (SD 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Fruit smoothie supplementation over a 16-week period did not impact psychological distress, fatigue, physical fitness, carotenoids, or folate biomarkers among people receiving OAT. Although the smoothies were successfully delivered to the participants, our data indicates suboptimal adherence to the intervention rather than the lack of efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05229770. Registered on 08 February 2022.

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Publication Details

Journal
BMC Medicine
Published
2025-08-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04347-w
Primary Topic
Diet and metabolism studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

The effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress and biomarkers among people with opioid dependence receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized controlled trial

Lise Margrete Thomassen, Hege Berg Henriksen, Maren Borsheim Bergsaker, Eivin Dahl et al.
BMC Medicine
Diet and metabolism studies
article

The effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress and biomarkers among people with opioid dependence receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized controlled trial

Lise Margrete Thomassen, Hege Berg Henriksen, Maren Borsheim Bergsaker, Eivin Dahl, Jan Tore Daltveit, Tone Lise Eielsen, Else‐Marie Løberg, Mette Hegland Nordbotn, Christine Sundal, Torhild Fiskå, Trude Fondenes, Jørn-Henrik Vold, Fatemeh Chalabianloo, Vibeke Bråthen Buljovcic, Eirik Holder, Tesfaye Madebo, Jørn Henrik Vold, Siv-Elin Leirvåg Carlsen, Rune Blomhoff, Marianne Cook Pierron, Torgeir Gilje Lid, Einar Furulund, Per Gundersen, Tine Selmer Cruickshank, Anne E. Hammer, Elaheh Javadi Arjmand, Beate Haga Trettenes, Karl Trygve Druckrey-Fiskaaen, Lars Thore Fadnes, Mari Thoresen Soot, Kjell Arne Johansen, Kristin Sannerud, Tine Berger Edvardsdal
article en

Abstract

At baseline, 131 participants (70%) in the intervention arm and 91 (73%) in the control arm had a low intake of fruits and vegetables. In the intervention arm, the mean SCL-10% score at baseline was 43.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40.4, 47.4), which was reduced to 41.6% (CI: 38.0, 5.1) at the end of the trial. In the control arm, the mean SCL-10% score was 43.6% at baseline (CI: 39.3, 48.0) and decreased to 41.5% (CI: 37.1, 45.8) at the end of the trial period. No significant difference in the change of psychological distress between the intervention and control arms was found (- 0.14%; CI: - 4.49, 2.22). Additionally, no changes were found between the intervention and control arms regarding fatigue symptoms, physical fitness, carotenoid, or folate biomarkers. The mean consumed fruit smoothies reported in the intervention arm was 3.9 bottles per week (SD 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Fruit smoothie supplementation over a 16-week period did not impact psychological distress, fatigue, physical fitness, carotenoids, or folate biomarkers among people receiving OAT. Although the smoothies were successfully delivered to the participants, our data indicates suboptimal adherence to the intervention rather than the lack of efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05229770. Registered on 08 February 2022.

BMC MedicineVol. 23(1)
Oslo University Hospital (NO), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO), University of Oslo (NO), Stavanger University Hospital (NO), Haukeland University Hospital (NO), Rogaland Training & Education Centre (NO), University of Bergen (NO), University of Stavanger (NO)
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Openalex Percentile: Top 71%
Diet and metabolism studies
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