Intra-night Optical Variability and Radio Characteristics of Extremely Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

Abstract Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are generally known to be radio-quiet active galactic nuclei, but a tiny subset of them are found to be extremely radio-loud with radio loudness parameter ( R 1.4 GHz ) &gt; 100. Given their rarity, we investigated intra-night optical variability (INOV) and radio characteristics of a sample of 16 extremely radio-loud NLS1s. For all but four sample sources we report intra-night photometric monitoring for the first time with at least one monitoring session per source lasting for a minimum of 3.0 hr duration. In our sample, we detect INOV with a high duty cycle (up to 25%) and large average amplitude ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ψ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> ∼ 0.16) similar to that found in blazars. Using 3.0 GHz Very Large Array Sky Survey and auxiliary multifrequency radio data we find that our RL-NLS1s are luminous ( L 3.0 GHz ≥ 10 24 W Hz −1 ), compact (less than a few kpc), variable, flat spectrum ( α radio &gt; −0.5) radio sources. The INOV, radio characteristics, and radio luminosity ( L 1.4 GHz ) versus supermassive black hole mass ( M SMBH ) plot infer that extremely radio-loud NLS1s are low- z and low-luminosity analogs of flat spectrum radio quasars wherein the former are powered by, on average, one order-of-magnitude less massive SMBHs.