Evaluation of the effects of chitosan application and growing media on the adaptation process of fercal grape rootstock

Chitosan is a promising bio-stimulant for enhancing the ex-vitro performance of grapevine rootstocks, with its effectiveness strongly influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of the growing substrate. The combined use of inert substrates with high chitosan doses or organic substrates with moderate doses resulted in optimal outcomes. These findings provide a basis for refining micropropagation protocols, especially under environmentally challenging conditions.