International data repositories of population-based immunological and genetic research

Introduction. Due to the active development of multiomics technologies, more and more information about human genetic and immunological research is becoming available. Data repositories are used to systematize and store such information, which facilitates the search and use of information for carrying out scientific research and solving applied problems in the area of medicine. Objective. To analyze the global experience of using repositories of human genetic and immunological data to define their functional features and role in the development of population immunology and genetics. Discussion. Functional features of genetic and immunological data repositories were analyzed. The data on the repositories included in the study was obtained from open sources. The selection process for repositories included three stages: selection of scientific publications, deduplication, and filtering based on selection criteria. The main criteria for the subsequent evaluation of human genetic and immunological data repositories were as follows: data volume, data accessibility, and data formats. The search for information about repositories and biobanks in the Russian Federation was conducted using online search queries on the Internet. The study analyzed 15 largest genetic and immunological data repositories, of which 37.5% are affiliated with the UK and 43.75% are affiliated with the USA. The task of creating and maintaining large repositories is solved, as a rule, by forming international and inter-institutional consortia. The availability of genetic data repositories is ensured by a combination of technological, organizational, and legal mechanisms. The most common sources of repository funding are state budgets, funds from private foundations and charitable organizations, and investments from pharmaceutical companies. The main risks associated with the operation of a repository can be divided into four groups: ethical, legal, biological, and technological risks related to data privacy. In the Russian Federation, genetic research is one of the most rapidly developing scientific directions. As a result, the challenges of secure storage, ethical use, and legal protection of data are acquiring particular importance. The presented review discusses possible directions for further development of national genetic and immunological data repositories, as well as the possibilities of additional regulation of genetic data handling at the legislative level. Conclusions. The conducted review has identified possible risks associated with repository functioning and proposed various approaches to minimizing these risks and optimizing the development of data repositories. One of the most promising areas is the development of AI-based integration modules for processing and annotating data presented in standardized protocols.