Solar energy efficiency in different climatic conditions of Armenia

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of solar energy economic efficiency across various climatic zones in Armenia, employing advanced thermodynamic and economic modeling approaches. The research utilizes a modified System Advisor Model (SAM) coupled with energy balance equations compliant with IEC 61724-1:2017 standard to analyze three regional scenarios for 5 MW solar installations. Climate data validation incorporates information from Global Solar Atlas and NASA POWER databases, with comparative analysis extended to Southern California (USA), Northern India, Kazakhstan, and South Caucasus regions. Results demonstrate exceptional performance in Armenia’s Gavar region, achieving annual electricity generation of 8.746 GWh, with a 19.99% average capacity factor, annual fuel savings of 1,914 metric tons, and a competitive levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $0.042/kWh. The study reveals Armenia’s significant solar potential, with average annual global horizontal irradiation (GHI) reaching 1,720 kWh/m² - 72% higher than the European average according to Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) data. These findings provide scientifically validated recommendations for optimal solar system deployment aligned with Armenia’s National Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, while contributing substantively to the achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG-7) on affordable and clean energy.