Low-Cost, Earth-Abundant, and Eco-Friendly Fe-Containing Catalyst for Hydrogen Production via (Photo)electrolysis

The development of hydrogen (H2) production has recently become an unconventional area of research, aiming to realize the widespread utilization of H2 as a renewable energy source. However, the utilization of H2 still faces several challenges, such as high production costs and environmental impact. Various strategies have been pursued, including efforts to produce H2 through more efficient methods, such as (photo)electrocatalysis (PEC) water splitting. Many previous reports have shown alternative ways to produce H2 in a highly efficient manner via PEC water splitting. A comprehensive review that compiles and discusses strategies in this area is essential. In particular, it is important to clearly highlight how to design an efficient PEC catalyst material. In this review, we focus on exploring in detail the potential of low-cost and earth-abundant Fe-containing PEC catalysts. The discussion begins by highlighting recent progress in the utilization of Fe-containing materials for H2 production, including their roles as electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and photoelectrocatalysts. The role of Fe in enhancing the catalytic activity of these materials is also examined. Additionally, plausible strategies for the development of fabrication methods and approaches to improve the PEC performance of Fe-containing materials are explained in detail. Finally, the cost, scalability, and environmental aspects of these technologies are discussed to enhance their implementation and marketability. We believe that this review article could pave the way for the development of Fe-containing, or even other low-cost, abundant, and eco-friendly materials, as catalysts for efficient H2 production, thereby supporting the widespread adoption of H2 as a clean energy source in society.